Section I Use of English
路线：
阅读以下文字。为每个编号的空白处选择最佳的单词，并在答题卡上标记A、B、C 或D。 （10分）
即使家庭不像以前那样坐在一起吃饭，数百万英国人仍然会在这个周末参加这个国家的伟大传统之一——周日烤肉。 __1__ 一个寒冷的冬日，很少有烹饪乐趣可以__2__ 它。然而，正如我们现在报道的那样，食品警察决定，这种__3__ 应该成为另一种有罪的快感__4__ ，以损害我们的健康。
食品标准局(FSA) __5__ 就某些在__6__ 高温下烹制的食品中形成的一种名为丙烯酰胺的化合物的风险发出了__5__ 公开警告。这意味着人们应该__7__ 烤土豆脆，拒绝薄皮披萨，只__8__ 烤面包。但支持这种危言耸听的建议的证据在哪里呢？ __9__ 研究表明丙烯酰胺可导致小鼠神经损伤，但没有__10__ 证据表明它会导致人类癌症。
科学家称该化合物“__11__具有致癌性”，但没有确凿的科学证据。 __12__ 预防原则，可以说__13__ 应该遵循FSA 的建议。 __14__，在找到证据证明__15__之前，多年来一直有传言吸烟会导致癌症。
毫无疑问，周日一块煮牛肉和一些蒸蔬菜总是可以__16__，没有约克郡布丁，也没有酒。但生活值得过吗？ __17__，英国食品安全局表示，它并不是告诉人们停止烘烤食品__18__，而是减少一生的摄入量。然而，他们的__19__ 可能会被认为是劝告和保姆。持续的健康恐慌只是__20__，没有人倾听。
1. A 在B 向C 在D 直到
2.A匹配B表达C满足D影响
3. A 耐心B 享受C 惊喜D 关心
4. A 强化B 特权C 强制D 保证
5. A 发出B 收到C 忽略D 取消
6. A 下B 下C 下D 下
7. A 忘记B 后悔C 完成D 避免
8. A 部分B 经常C 容易D 最初
9. A 除非B 因为C 如果D 而
10. A 次要B 外部C 不确定D 阴性
11. A 不足B 界限C 可能D 缓慢
12. A 在B 的基础上以C 为代价除了D 与
13. A 有趣B 可取C 紧急D 幸运
14. A 一如既往B 特别是C 根据定义D 毕竟
15. A 相似B 组合C 连接D 图案
16. A 制作B 服务C 保存D 使用
17. A 公平B 举例C 简短D 一般
18. A 不情愿B 完全C 逐渐D 小心
19. A 承诺B 体验C 活动D 竞赛
20. A 跟进B 接起C 打开D 结束
分析：
今年的完形填空比前两年稍微难一些。虽然题目不难理解，但抓住脉络的线索却很难。你需要对文章的内容有全面准确的把握才能做好。主要内容是，虽然烧烤等食物会对健康造成危害，但我们也不应对这些健康问题过度恐慌。这是一个比较生活的话题。下面我们就来看看答案和分析吧。
1.【答】C开
【分析】这里我们考察介词的意义分析。在寒冷的冬日意味着在寒冷的冬日。在介词on 之后添加特定日期； in后面加一段时间，如in Winter，in 2002； ward表示方向，与时间不符； til的意思是直到，如till Tomorrow、till next week，与句子的意思不符。因此正确答案为on。
2.【答案】一场比赛
【分析】这里我们考察动词的意义分析。文章第一段的第一句话指出：尽管家庭不太可能经常坐在一起吃饭，但数百万英国人将在本周末参加该国最伟大的传统之一：周日烤肉。在寒冷的冬日，几乎没有什么美食可以__2__它。在寒冷的冬日，没有什么美食可以与之媲美。比赛比赛。表达表达。满足，满足；确信；遵守。影响。
3.【答案】B享受
【分析】这里考察上下文逻辑关系。如上所述，周日烤肉是一项快乐的活动。然而，语义上的扭曲：然而，正如现在报道的那样，食品卫生当局认为这3 可能会导致另一种罪恶感4 损害我们的健康。上面的享受和快乐以及下面的另一种快乐是相互关联的信息。耐心，耐心。惊喜惊喜。忧虑。
4.【答案】D保证
【分析】这里我们考察非谓语动词作为后置定语的用法。空白处的句子指出：这种快乐可能会导致另一种有罪的快乐4，从而损害我们的健康。保证保证，一定，填空的意思是：这种快乐会导致另一种罪恶感的快乐，这肯定会损害我们的健康。变本加厉，变本加厉；特权的，排他的，特权的；被迫，被迫。
5.【答】已发出
【分析】这里我们进行词义分析。食品标准局(FSA) 已__5__ 发布公共警告. 食品标准局发布公共警告. 发布、发布、发出；已收到，已收到；被忽视被忽视，被忽视；取消。发布公开警告发布公开警告与上下文相符。
6.【答案】B于
【分析】这里我们考察介词分析。某些食物在__6__ 高温下烹制。
7.【答案】D 避免
【分析】这里考察上下文逻辑关系。 7、空句开头的代词“这个”是指经高温烘烤的食品中含有对人体健康有害的化学物质。因此，提出以下建议：人们应该7炸土豆，不吃薄皮披萨……7空也与reject形成语义并列关系，所以avoid是正确的。忘记；后悔；结束。
8.【答案】A部分
【解析】这里我们考察词义解析+上下文。只有__8__ 烤面包。部分地，偶尔地；经常；容易地；最初。因此选项A正确。
9.【答案】D 同时
【分析】这里我们考察上下文逻辑关系+逻辑连接分析。 __9__ 研究表明丙烯酰胺可导致小鼠神经损伤，但没有__10__ 证据表明它会导致人类癌症。前后句是过渡/对比/让步的逻辑关系，所以选用while来表示虽然、虽然。除非，代表条件的逻辑关系；因为，它代表因果逻辑； If，表示条件的逻辑关系。
10.【答案】C 结论
【解析】这里我们考察词义解析+上下文。 9 研究表明丙烯酰胺可导致小鼠神经损伤，但10 没有证据表明它会导致人类癌症。决定性的；决定性的；令人信服的；确凿
中学第二，中等；间接；外部的外部的，外部的；浅；外部的；外国的；消极消极、否定。
11.【答案】C 可能
【分析】这里考察的是固定搭配。很可能是可能的。不够，不够；束缚，捆绑，有义务；慢的。
12.【答案】A 根据
【分析】这里考察短语分析+上下文逻辑。 __12__ 预防原则，可以说__13__ 应该遵循FSA 的建议。根据，基于，根据；以以下费用为代价：除了除了；与相反，相反。
13.【答案】B建议
【分析】这里我们考察一下形容词的词义分析。本着预防原则，可以说遵循FSA的建议13 。有趣的、明智的、明智的、可取的、紧急的、幸运的、幸运的。
14.【答案】D 毕竟
【分析】检查逻辑关系。原文章的前一句是“基于‘预防原则’，可以认为最好遵循FSA的建议。”这句话说“在没有证据证明吸烟与癌症之间存在联系之前，吸烟导致癌症的谣言已经流传了很多年。结合选项分析，照常，特别是，根据定义，毕竟毕竟，只是毕竟符合文意。
15.【答】C接法
【解析】本题考查动宾结合，结合上下文和句子成分。这里的名词放在“prove”之后，整体在不定式中作为主语补语，解释主语证据。这里的“证据”应该得到证明。 （吸烟和肺癌）有关系，所以选择连接。相似相似，组合组合，图案模式不一致。
16.【答】B 送达
【解析】本题考察主谓搭配。这里的被动语态与主语一块煮牛肉形成了实际的“动宾关系”。这句话的意思是“毫无疑问，周日总是可以享用一块煮牛肉”。还有一些蒸蔬菜__16__”。这里的served up就是“上菜，上菜”的意思，正是这个意思。制作、保存和使用的其他选项不一致。
17.【答案】A 公平地说
【分析】本题考察主谓匹配。前一句说：“但是生活值得过吗？”这句话说，“英国金融服务管理局表示，它不会告诉人们……不要吃烘焙食品。”可见下面这句话中不存在这样的事情。举例（例如）或总结（简短）或表达经常发生的事情（一般），你应该选择在提交关系中公平。
18.【答案】全部B
【分析】这里我们考察副词的修饰关系。这句话的意思是“FSA 表示它并没有告诉人们不要吃烘焙食品__18__”。分析每个选项：勉强不情愿、完全完全、逐渐逐渐、小心翼翼，可用于呼应前面的否定词而不是表示部分否定。 only Complete 是合适的，not.completes 的意思是“不完全.”。
19.【答案】C活动
20.【答案】D结束
【分析】考察动宾组合，这里句子的意思是“持续的健康威胁__20__但没有人在听”。这里我想过多强调健康恐慌的最终结果，只有“结束，以.结束”才是最合适的意思，所以我选择了end up，follow up，坚持完成，pick up，pick up 、偶然学习、开拓、发展，这些都不符合字面意思。
第二节阅读理解
A部分
路线：
阅读下面四篇课文。选择A、B、C 或D 来回答每篇文章下面的问题。在答题卡上标记您的答案。 （40分）
文本1
21.库珀和她的同事认为“文化之城”奖会___。
A. 巩固英国城镇的联系
B.促进大脑小镇之间的合作
C. 增强大脑城镇的经济实力
D. 将大脑有限的资源集中在文化活动上。
22.根据第2 段，该提案可能被某些人视为______.
A.合理的妥协
B.自欺欺人的尝试
C.引人注目的奖金
D. 无法到达的目标
23. 作者认为，所有权持有者只有在以下情况下才是成功的：______
A. 努力维护自身形象
B. 满足人民的愿望
C. 突出当地艺术
D. 致力于长期发展
24. 第3 段中提到“格拉斯哥”是为了表示______
A. 对比案例
B、支持示例
C、背景故事
D、相关主题
25. 作者对该提案的态度如何？
A. 持怀疑态度B. 客观C. 有利D. 批评
21 C 增加英国城镇的经济实力
这个问题是一个细节问题。问题主干询问库珀和她的同事如何看待“文化之城”奖可能定位在第一段的第三句中：“库珀和她的同事认为赫尔的皇冠的成功，” “赫尔之冠”不仅仅局限于这座城市，它为赫尔带来了2.2亿欧元的投资和大量的艺术品。事实上，英国各地的城镇都可以申请，但他们往往缺乏资源来凑合来击败规模更大的竞争对手。有人建议，文化之城奖可以成为一项年度活动，以吸引资金并创造就业机会。所以可见，答案是C。增强英国城镇的经济实力。
22 B 一种自欺欺人的尝试
这道题是一道推理题，题干题：根据第二段，这个提案可能会被一些人认为.因……”“有些人可能会认为这项提议是嘘声，因为英国无法再申请更享有盛誉的欧洲文化之都称号……”可见，有些人已经消极的态度。许多人不认识嘘声，但也可以从后面看到它即将消失在无尽的自我庆祝狂热中，绝望地重塑自己，就像英国为脱欧后的世界拼命重塑自己的形象一样。即将消失在无尽的自我庆祝浪潮中。接下来的几个反问句可以看作是一种自欺欺人的尝试，故选B。
23D致力于长期发展
24 A. 对比案例
本题是一道写作目的题。问题主干说：第三段中提到格拉斯哥的目的是什么？你可以找到第三段的倒数第二句。可以看到前面有一个明显的BUT，和之前的意思相反。 “这个问题很难解决，需要城市当局、私营部门、社区团体和文化组织之间的高度远见和合作。但这可以在格拉斯哥作为欧洲文化之都： 年实现，可以被视为使这座城市成为当今艺术、音乐和戏剧强国的一系列复杂因素之一。”
25D最爱
文字2
长期以来，科学出版一直是印钞的许可证。科学家需要发表论文的期刊
他们的研究，因此他们将在没有金钱奖励的情况下提供文章。其他科学家也免费从事同行评审的专门工作，因为它是获得地位和生产科学知识的核心要素。
由于论文内容是免费的，出版商只需为其期刊找到市场即可。直到本世纪，大学图书馆对价格还不太敏感。科学出版商经常报告其运营利润率接近40%，而此时其他出版业却陷入生存危机。
荷兰巨头爱思唯尔(Elsevier) 声称发表了全球25% 的科学论文，去年利润超过9 亿英镑，而仅英国大学在2016 年就花费了超过2.1 亿英镑，让研究人员能够获得自己的公共资助研究；尽管人们越来越不顾一切地努力改变这两个数字，但它们似乎仍在不断上升。
最激烈、彻底非法的反应是Sci-Hub 的出现，这是一种全球科学论文复印机，成立于2012 年，现在声称可以访问所有付费艺术作品
icle published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’ had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because________
[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .
[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.
[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.
27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________
[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.
[B] gone through an existential crisis.
[C] revived the publishing industry.
[D] financed researchers generously.
28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
[A] Relieved.
[B] Puzzled.
[C] Concerned
[D] Encouraged.
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________
[A]allow publishers some room to make money.
[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.
[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.
[D] free universities from financial burdens.
30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?
[A] Trial subscription is offered.
[B] Labour triumphs over status.
[C] Costs are well controlled.
D] The few feed on the many.
26, 细节题 D its content acquisition cost nothing
根据题干中关键词a licence to print money because ,定位到第一段第二句，其他科学家也免费进行同行评议的专门工作，因为它是获得地位和生产科学知识的核心要素。正确选项D，acquisition原词， for free替换选项中的，cost nothing.
27, 细节题 A thrived mainly on universities libraries
根据题干关键词Elsevier定位到第三段第一句话，The Dutch giant Elsevier, ....made profits of more than 490m last year. while UK universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016,该公司去年利润超过4.9亿英镑 然而仅英国大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑。正确选项A 主要依靠大学图书馆 为定位句的同意表达
28态度题 B concerned
29推断题 A allow publishers some room to make money
根据题干关键词open access定位到第四段，最后一句 ...so that the publishers can make a profit before...,合理收取费用是未来出版商能够获利，A选项为同义替换。B render publishing much easier for scientists使发表对科学家来说容易得多 .C reduce the cost of publication substantiality 降低出版成本 D. free universities from financial burdens使大学摆脱财政负担
30 细节题 D the few feed on the many
Text 3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.
The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".
But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the pereentage of women in the general population, but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
Wrting in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a"golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same clite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do litle to help average women.
31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________
[A] help little to reduce gender bias.
[B] pose a threat to the state government.
[C] raise women's position in politics.
[D] greatly broaden career options.
32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?
[A] It has irritated private business owners.
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,
[C] It may go against the Constitution.
[D] It will settle the prior controversies.
33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to ilustrate____
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.
[B] the importance of constitutional guaranees.
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.
[D] the needlessness of government interventions.
34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____
[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.
[B] the objection to female participation on boards.
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.
[D] the growing tension between labor and management.
35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.
31 态度题 A help little to reduce gender bias
32 细节题 C it may go against the constitution
根据题干中的关键词 California measures定位到原文第五段第二句，Because the California law applies to all boards, ... courts are likely to rule that the law violate the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection" violate 违反宪法，选项C against替换violate为正确选项
33. 例证题 D the needlessness of government interventions
根据题干中catalyst替换到第7段，论点为上一句The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government . 在没有政府的情况下，公司董事会中的妇女人数一直在稳步增加。可见D选项中the needlessness of government interventions政府干预的不必要性
34 细节题 C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board
根据Norway定位到倒数第三段第一句，要求将性别作为董事会成员的主要资格，必然会导致私营部门董事会减少。紧接着下文董事会成员的机会越来越多，却没有合格的女性来担任董事会成员， 由此可见会有不合格的人进入董事会，正确选项C 不合格候选人进入董事会
35 推断 B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking 由最后一段可知，下次有人把企业配额作为促进性别平等的一种方式。请记住，这些基本上都是自私自利的措施，让他们的赞助商感觉良好，但其实并没有什么帮助。由此可知该政策并不可取，正确选项B可行性应是决策的首要考虑因素
Text 4
Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax
on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multiational tech companies based in the United States.
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep ;up with the current economy.
In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization' s work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.
France‘s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.
36. The French Senate has passed a bill to_____
[A] regulate digital services platforms.
[B] protect French companies' interests .
[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.
[D] curb the influence of advertising.
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.
[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.
[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.
[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.
38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____
[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.
[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.
[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.
[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.
39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work_____
[A] is being resisted by US companies.
[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.
[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.
[D] needs to in involve more countries.
40. Which of the following might be the. best title for this text?
[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax
[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals
[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy
36. 【C】 impose a levy on tech multinationals 细节题。根据题干直接定位到第一段第一句话 a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services…;选项C中的“levy”和“tax”同义复现；“tech multinationals” 和digital services 同义复现。因此C为正确答案，奇遇选项均未体现。
37.【A】may trigger countermeasures against France 推断题。根据提干定位到第二段，第二段第二句话but it has already sparked significant controversy,…,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France（这已经引起了巨大的反抗，…, 反过来也会导致针对法国的贸易制裁）和选项A相一致；其中选项中的“trigger”和原文的“lead to”同义复现，“sanction”和“countermeasure”同义复现。其余选项均未体现。
38.【B】the current international tax system needs upgrading 细节题。根据题干定位到第四段最后一句话 “they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy(他们都认为国际税收体系并未跟上当前经济形势)。选项B目前的国际税收体系需要升级是该句话的反义复现。其余选项均为体现。
39.【C】is faced with uncertain prospects 细节题。根据提干定位到第五段最后一句话”raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system（对于国际税收体系的未来充满疑虑）”和选项C相一致。其中选项中的“uncertain”和原文中的“raise questions”同义复现，“prospects”和原文中的 “future”同义复现。
40【B】France leads the charge on digital tax 主旨题。题干中的title为标题题的信息，所以此题考查的是文章的主旨大意。B 选项里的 tax是贯穿全文的主旨词；而文章以法国对数字服务征税为起点，全文描写了包括法国在内的其它国家对全球税收系统的担忧，因此选项B和文章的主旨相符合。剩余选项均选项未能体现文章关键词和全文主旨。
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Eye fixactions are brief
[B] Too much eye contact is instinetively felt to be rude
[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers
[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.
In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here 's what hard science reveals about eye contact:
41. ________________
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back . This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
42.________
Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
43.________
With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations. Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep 'in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.
44.________
When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.
45.________
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-" A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
41.答案：C. Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
解析：本段第三句说了，“can be a complimentary significant of paying attention”，此外本段最后一句也说：眼神接触和微笑能signal availability and confidence发送可用性和自信的信号。都说明眼神接触是个友善的社交信号。 因此选C。
42.答案：E
解析：本段第一句就出现了hormone 荷尔蒙，此外，本段中出现的oxytocin催产素，hign-functioning高官能，autistic spectrum symptoms自闭症谱系症状等词都说明是在聊生物因素。最后一句中还有explore探索，brain scanning 脑部扫描。所以选E
43. 答案：G
解析：本段第一句就说了eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages，depending on the situation眼神接触根据不同情况会发出不同的讯息。下一句主干说在不利环境中，会与dominance支配or intimidation恫吓有关联。因此G为正确答案。
44．答案：A
解析 ：本段第一句就提到了time，第二句清楚地说到了These pauses typically occur at about three per second，通常每秒三次，充分说明很快，所以选A。
45. 答案：D
解析：第一句话中就有personality。在引用中转折之后，but their brain reactions also differ人们脑部反应不同，最后一句话更加明确说到高负能量的人更觉得被人直视令人不舒服。因此选D。
Part C Translation
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.With （the gap between） the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.
48. Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made,and at a rate that the people-including the Church -could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase'sapere aude'or 'dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
46.With （the gap between） the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
由于文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方式之间的差距被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的差距得以弥合，导致了新的和未开发的知识领域。
47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.
每个启示出现之前，当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式，包括地心说的观点，该观点认为地球是我们宇宙的中心。
48. Despite attempts by the Church to sop suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.
尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在以人们难以忽视的速度进行着。
49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era.
正当很多人致力于尝试把推理和科学哲理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的时代到来了。
50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase's ‘Sapere aude’ or ’dare to know’.
这些探索知识并且理解已知信息的行为可以用拉丁文“Sapere aude”或英文“dare to know”描述。
【解析】
1. 本句主干为 the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged(中世纪和现代时期之间的差距得以弥合)2. With （the gap between） the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance做伴随状语，其中being eclipsed是with+宾语+宾补结构的一部分。
3. leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories现在分词作结果状语。
【参考译文】
由于文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方式之间的差距被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的差距得以弥合，导致了新的和未开发的知识领域。
47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.
【解析】
1. 本句主干为many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking(当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式) ，其中 at the time作后置定语修饰many thinkers 。
2. Before each of their revelations部分为时间状语。
3. including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe，分词作后置定语修饰ways of thinking，其中that后是同位语从句修饰限定view。
【参考译文】在每个启示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式，包括地心说的观点，该观点认为地球是我们宇宙的中心。
48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.
【解析】
1. 本句主干为more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made(更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在进行着)，其中for后面是how引导的宾语从句。
2. Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists
做方式状语，其中to suppress...作后置定语修饰attempts
3. that people could no longer ignore做定语从句修饰rate。
【参考译文】
尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在以人们难以忽视的速度进行着。
49) As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for an Age of Reason.
【解析】
1. 本句主干为the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era. （文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的时代到来了），是两个并列单句。
2. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world为时间状语从句，as译为“当.......什么时候”
(1) took on the duty，意思为“承担责任”
(2) of后是介宾短语作后置定语修饰duty。
【参考译文】
正当很多人致力于尝试把推理和科学哲理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的理性时代到来了。
50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase's‘Sapere aude’or‘dare to know’.
【解析】
1. 本句是一简单句，主干的谓语动词是were captured
2. to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew 部分是不定式作后置定语，修饰such actions，其中what information we already knew是 understand 的宾语从句。
【参考译文】
试图去寻求知识和理解我们已有信息这种行动由拉丁文词语 ‘Sapere aude’ 或 ‘dare to know’来描述。
Section IV Writing
Part A
Directions: The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform theinternational students an upcoming singing contest. Write a notice in about100 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your name in the notice.
Notice
December 21, 2019
一段：To ensure that students from overseas have abundant extracurricular activities, I am writing to inform you of some relevant information with regard to the singing competition.
二段：This event will be held in the auditorium of our university on May 10, 2020, and it will start at 7 and end at 10 o’clock in the evening. At the opening ceremony, our headmaster will make clear that the purpose of the competition is to enrich the extracurricular activities of the students on campus. Participants will be from different majors in our university. Then is the time for the singing contest.
三段：We are looking forward to seeing you there. You will have memorable and happy time in this event.
The Student Union
Part B
52: Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:
1) Describe the picture briefly;
2) Interpret the implied meaning, and
3) Give your comments
解析：
2020年考研英语已经结束啦，相信同学们在考场上看到考题会信心满满。因为从内容上来讲，今年的英语一大作文依然延续2019年的出题思路，考查了品质类话题的图画作文，而不同的地方在于2019年是一幅图，但今年却是两幅图相反。从难度上来说，今年和去年持平，对于“习惯”的英语表达，相信大家都不陌生是“habit”。
写作时，按照一般顺序。第一段图画描述段，左图是位女孩正在非常努力地做着学校作业，心里想着是“尽早完成才放心”，右图是位男孩躺在沙发上也不看书，书桌上只有一本摊开的书和一支笔，心里却想着“不到最后不动手”，这两幅所反映的内容正好相反，它所反映的寓意依然是合理自洽即可，小编认为两者的不同在于习惯，女孩有很好的规划能力并有效利用时间完成任务，而男孩则恰恰相反，空耗时间只待最后“速成”，结果自然不会理想，因而我们需要养成合理规划时间的好习惯；第二段是寓意阐释段，按照品质类的框架结构，即关键句和具体作用, 可以说scheduling有助于我们充分利用时间以达到学业乃至事业上的成功，还可以讲acquire the habit of time management有助于我们克服拖延，做时间的主人；第三段是个人评论段，框架结构是关键句+具体建议+结尾句，可以说我们需要加强人们对此种品质的意识，希望人人都可以拥有这种美好的品质。
另外，注意大作文的评分侧重点。考研大纲指出：B节作文的评分侧重点在于信息点的完整、内容组织的连贯、语言的准确性、语言的多样性。字迹工整，少涂抹痕迹也很关键哦。
下面附加范文以供小可爱们参考。
范文：
1) From the first simple but compelling cartoon we can see that a young girl is making great efforts on her schoolwork with earnest expressions, which successfully captures our eyes. On the contrary, what is differently delineated in the second photo is that a lazy boy is not reading but lying on the sofa with an unfold book and a pen on the book desk. Apparently, by the contrast of these two pictures, the explicit implication emerges in front of us that the power of good habits should be attached great importance to.
2) Various functions, as a matter of fact, are behind this quality illustrated in this picture out as far as I know the following two matter enormously. To begin with, scheduling is the art of planning your activities so that you can achieve your goals and priorities in the time that you have available. When it's done effectively, it helps you understand what you can realistically achieve with your time and work steadily toward your personal and career goals; In addition, here is the other point that no one can ignore. It is universally admitted that it takes time to change a habit, and procrastination is a habit that requires a little bit of effort to overcome. Task aversion, distractibility and impulsiveness are common types of procrastination. Moreover, they are the easiest to overcome if we acquire the habit of time management.
3) Based on the afore-said discussion, it is advisable for us to take steps to carry forward the quality. All in all, it is high time to strengthen people’s awareness in this aspect. Only in this way can we make the best of time managment and embrace a bright future.
一段：From the first simple but compelling cartoon we can see that a young girl is making great efforts on her schoolwork with earnest expressions, which successfully captures our eyes. On the contrary, what is differently delineated in the second photo is that a lazy boy is not reading but lying on the sofa with an unfold book and a pen on the book desk. Apparently, by the contrast of these two pictures, the explicit implication emerges in front of us that the power of good habits should be attached great importance to.二段：Various functions, as a matter of fact, are behind this quality illustrated in this picture out as far as I know the following two matter enormously. To begin with, scheduling is the art of planning your activities so that you can achieve your goals and priorities in the time that you have available. When it's done effectively, it helps you understand what you can realistically achieve with your time and work steadily toward your personal and career goals; In addition, here is the other point that no one can ignore. It is universally admitted that it takes time to change a habit, and procrastination is a habit that requires a little bit of effort to overcome. Task aversion, distractibility and impulsiveness are common types of procrastination. And they are the easiest to overcome if we make a good schedule in advance.三段：Based on the afore-said discussion, it is advisable for us to take steps to carry forward the quality. All in all, it is high time to strengthen people’s awareness in this aspect. Only in this way can we make the best of reasonable scheduling and embrace a bright future.
解析：
2020年考研英语已经结束啦，相信同学们在考场上看到考题会信心满满。因为从内容上来讲，今年的英语一大作文依然延续2019年的出题思路，考查了品质类话题的图画作文，而不同的地方在于2019年是一幅图，但今年却是两幅图相反。从难度上来说，今年和去年持平，对于“习惯”的英语表达，相信大家都不陌生是“habit”。
写作时，按照一般顺序。第一段图画描述段，左图是位女孩正在非常努力地做着学校作业，心里想着是“尽早完成才放心”，右图是位男孩躺在沙发上也不看书，书桌上只有一本摊开的书和一支笔，心里却想着“不到最后不动手”，这两幅所反映的内容正好相反，它所反映的寓意依然是合理自洽即可，小编认为两者的不同在于习惯，女孩有很好的规划能力并有效利用时间完成任务，而男孩则恰恰相反，空耗时间只待最后“速成”，结果自然不会理想，因而我们需要养成合理规划时间的好习惯；第二段是寓意阐释段，按照品质类的框架结构，即关键句和具体作用, 可以说scheduling有助于我们充分利用时间以达到学业乃至事业上的成功，还可以讲acquire the habit of time management有助于我们克服拖延，做时间的主人；第三段是个人评论段，框架结构是关键句+具体建议+结尾句，可以说我们需要加强人们对此种品质的意识，希望人人都可以拥有这种美好的品质。
另外，注意大作文的评分侧重点。考研大纲指出：B节作文的评分侧重点在于信息点的完整、内容组织的连贯、语言的准确性、语言的多样性。字迹工整，少涂抹痕迹也很关键哦。
下面附加范文以供小可爱们参考。
范文：
4) From the first simple but compelling cartoon we can see that a young girl is making great efforts on her schoolwork with earnest expressions, which successfully captures our eyes. On the contrary, what is differently delineated in the second photo is that a lazy boy is not reading but lying on the sofa with an unfold book and a pen on the book desk. Apparently, by the contrast of these two pictures, the explicit implication emerges in front of us that the power of good habits should be attached great importance to.
5) Various functions, as a matter of fact, are behind this quality illustrated in this picture out as far as I know the following two matter enormously. To begin with, scheduling is the art of planning your activities so that you can achieve your goals and priorities in the time that you have available. When it's done effectively, it helps you understand what you can realistically achieve with your time and work steadily toward your personal and career goals; In addition, here is the other point that no one can ignore. It is universally admitted that it takes time to change a habit, and procrastination is a habit that requires a little bit of effort to overcome. Task aversion, distractibility and impulsiveness are common types of procrastination. Moreover, they are the easiest to overcome if we acquire the habit of time management.
用户评论
终于等到答案了！我的英语一真题解析！ 感觉今年的阅读理解难度比往年略微提升，作文题目还挺有意思的，希望能对我的复习有所帮助。感谢分享！
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这套英语真题分析太棒了！ 详细讲解了每道题目的解析，还给出了很多解题技巧和思路，感觉受益匪浅。明年备考就靠它了！
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英语一真题解析，可以参考一下。 不过我觉得翻译部分的解析有点偏难，感觉不太适合基础比较弱的同学。 希望以后能多一些基础讲解，这样更容易理解。
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2020年研究生英语一真题解析，感觉解析得挺到位。 尤其是阅读理解部分，分析得特别透彻，让我对文章的理解更加深刻了。
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看了答案分析，感觉今年的英语一考试难度一般，题目没有特别难的，就是需要仔细审题，多做练习，才能考出好成绩。
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英语一的真题解析，我觉得讲解的比较详细， 每个题都给出了详细的答案和解析， 而且还有一些技巧方面的讲解， 感觉对备考有很大的帮助。
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感觉英语一真题解析还挺有用的， 尤其是作文部分， 给了一些写作思路和模板， 可以参考一下， 对提高写作水平有帮助。
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英语一真题解析，解析得比较全面， 但是有些地方讲解得不是很清楚， 希望以后能更详细一些， 这样更容易理解。
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英语一真题解析，感觉解析得比较专业， 分析得比较透彻， 讲解的也很详细， 对备考很有帮助。
有5位网友表示赞同！
英语一真题解析，总体来说还不错， 但是我觉得有些地方解析的太复杂了， 可以更简单易懂一些。
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今年的英语一真题，感觉难度还可以， 解析的挺详细的， 对备考很有帮助， 希望明年也能看到类似的真题解析。
有20位网友表示赞同！
英语一真题解析，分析得比较到位， 尤其是阅读理解和写作部分， 讲解的比较详细， 对备考很有帮助。
有17位网友表示赞同！
英语一真题解析，感觉解析得比较全面， 但是有些地方讲解得不是很清楚， 希望以后能更详细一些， 这样更容易理解。
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英语一真题解析，感觉解析得比较专业， 分析得比较透彻， 讲解的也很详细， 对备考很有帮助。
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英语一真题解析，总体来说还不错， 但是我觉得有些地方解析的太复杂了， 可以更简单易懂一些。
有10位网友表示赞同！
今年的英语一真题，感觉难度还可以， 解析的挺详细的， 对备考很有帮助， 希望明年也能看到类似的真题解析。
有7位网友表示赞同！
英语一真题解析，分析得比较到位， 尤其是阅读理解和写作部分， 讲解的比较详细， 对备考很有帮助。
有17位网友表示赞同！
英语一真题解析，感觉解析得比较全面， 但是有些地方讲解得不是很清楚， 希望以后能更详细一些， 这样更容易理解。
有13位网友表示赞同！
英语一真题解析，感觉解析得比较专业， 分析得比较透彻， 讲解的也很详细， 对备考很有帮助。
有18位网友表示赞同！
英语一真题解析，总体来说还不错， 但是我觉得有些地方解析的太复杂了， 可以更简单易懂一些。
有11位网友表示赞同！